What Are the Symptoms of ADHD in a Child?

Is your little one bursting with boundless energy, while everyday struggles with focus leave you wondering about their development? Asking yourself where a child's natural liveliness ends and the first signs of ADHD begin is completely natural for every caring parent. It's worth remembering that neurodiversity is not a cause for concern or a label, but rather a distinct and valuable way in which the brain functions. In this article, we will guide you with empathy through the symptoms of ADHD at different stages of a child's life, helping you better understand their emotions and needs.

Is ADHD an illness that can be cured?

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is NOT an illness in the traditional sense, but a natural variation in the development of the nervous system – an aspect of neuroatypicality. This means that children do not grow out of ADHD and it cannot be "cured," because it is simply a specific, different way in which the brain functions.

However, a child can be effectively supported, making their daily life easier and helping them develop their potential. In situations where certain symptoms significantly hinder learning or relationships, appropriately chosen pharmacotherapy can be helpful, always used in combination with psychotherapy, psychoeducation and support at home and at school.

Where does ADHD come from?

ADHD has a neurobiological and genetic basis – numerous scientific studies clearly indicate that this trait is largely inherited. It results from the specific structure and communication patterns of the brain regions responsible, among other things, for regulating attention, motivation and impulse control (which is linked to the particular functioning of neurotransmitters such as dopamine). Contrary to common myths, ADHD is not the result of parenting mistakes, lack of discipline, an improper diet or screen time. It is simply a different, unique variant of human development.

What are the symptoms of ADHD in children?

The symptoms of ADHD vary depending on age, gender and the individual characteristics of the child, changing in form as they mature. They most often centre around three areas: difficulty maintaining attention, an increased need for movement, and impulsivity.

Symptoms of ADHD in infants

Although an official ADHD diagnosis is not made in children under 1 year of age, the first signs of a differently functioning nervous system can be visible very early. They manifest mainly in a heightened reactivity to stimuli and difficulties with self-regulation:

• High levels of restlessness – the child often bursts into tears, is difficult to soothe, and their body is frequently in constant, intense motion (e.g. abruptly waving their arms and legs).

• A strong need for sensory stimulation – quickly getting bored with a single toy, a need for strong stimuli (e.g. loudly banging objects against the floor).

• Difficulties with adaptation and biological regulation – frequent night waking after 6 months of age, challenges during feeding, and intense, irritable crying when attempts are made to settle them.

• Intense reactions to frustration – the baby reacts with very sudden crying when an activity doesn't go the way they want.

Symptoms of ADHD in young children

At preschool age, the symptoms become more pronounced, especially when the child begins to function within a peer group and faces new social challenges.

• Clear impulsivity – difficulty waiting their turn during play, interrupting adults' conversations, spontaneous actions without considering the consequences.

• A constant need for movement – almost continuous physical activity, running around, difficulty sitting still at the table during meals or group activities.

• Variable concentration – quickly abandoning started games in favour of new stimuli, giving the impression that the child "isn't listening" to requests directed at them.

• Difficulties managing belongings – frequently losing, forgetting or breaking toys (both unintentionally and in reaction to strong emotions).

Symptoms of ADHD in older children

In school-age children, the demands regarding independence, organisation and concentration grow, which makes the challenges associated with ADHD most noticeable.

• Challenges with executive functions – difficulties planning study time, organising the desk and school bag, losing school supplies, and trouble getting started on homework.

• Difficulties with selective attention – being easily distracted by external noises or their own thoughts during monotonous tasks. It's worth remembering that children with ADHD are capable of entering a state of so-called hyperfocus when they are engaged in something they are genuinely passionate about.

• A change in the form of hyperactivity – in older children (especially girls), physical restlessness often shifts into a form of inner unease, fidgeting in their chair, playing with their hair or a pen, or drumming their fingers.

• Complex emotions and peer relationships – intense experiences of frustration, high sensitivity to criticism or rejection, and difficulties reading the subtle social rules within a group.

Your child is showing symptoms of ADHD? What to do?

If you notice the above behaviours in your child, remember: a diagnosis is not a label, but a key to understanding your child's world and providing them with the right support.

1. Consult specialists. Book an appointment with a child psychologist or a child psychiatrist. A professional diagnosis is based on an interview, observation and questionnaires. It's also worth consulting a neurologist to rule out other physiological causes.

2. Focus on psychoeducation. Learn about the mechanisms behind ADHD. This will allow you to shift your perspective – from thinking of your child as "disobedient" to seeing them as a young person who needs different strategies for coping with everyday life.

3. Create a predictable environment. Introduce a consistent daily routine, clear rules at home and visual task plans. Break complex instructions down into smaller, unambiguous steps.

4. Reinforce their strengths. Neuroatypical children often hear a lot of critical remarks from those around them. Remember to regularly appreciate their efforts, passions, remarkable creativity, empathy and extraordinary energy.